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UD English LinES

Language: English (code: en)
Family: Indo-European, Germanic

This treebank has been part of Universal Dependencies since the UD v1.3 release.

The following people have contributed to making this treebank part of UD: Lars Ahrenberg.

Repository: UD_English-LinES
Search this treebank on-line: PML-TQ
Download all treebanks: UD 2.13

License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

Genre: fiction, nonfiction, spoken

Questions, comments? General annotation questions (either English-specific or cross-linguistic) can be raised in the main UD issue tracker. You can report bugs in this treebank in the treebank-specific issue tracker on Github. If you want to collaborate, please contact [lars • ahrenberg (æt) liu • se]. Development of the treebank happens outside the UD repository. If there are bugs, either the original data source or the conversion procedure must be fixed. Do not submit pull requests against the UD repository.

Annotation	Source
Lemmas	annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD
UPOS	annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD
XPOS	annotated manually
Features	not available
Relations	annotated manually in non-UD style, automatically converted to UD, with some manual corrections of the conversion

Description

UD English_LinES is the English half of the LinES Parallel Treebank with the original dependency annotation first automatically converted into Universal Dependencies and then partially reviewed. Its contents cover literature, an online manual and Europarl data.

UD English_LinES is the English half of the LinES Parallel Treebank with UD annotations. The majority of segments are from literature but there is also a section with online manual data and one section with Europarl data. All segments have an associated translation in the UD Swedish_LinES treebank (with the same segment index). The original dependency annotation was first automatically converted to Universal Dependencies and then partially reviewed (Ahrenberg, 2015). In January-February 2017 it was converted to UD version 2 and again reviewed for errors. With version 2.1 lemma information has been added.

The treebank is being developed continuously.

Acknowledgments

Three of the source texts were collected as part of the Linköping Translation Corpus Corpus (Merkel, 1999). The treebank was first developed in the project ‘Micro- and macro-level analysis of translations’ funded by the Swedish Research Council (Ahrenberg, 2007).

Statistics of UD English LinES

POS Tags

ADJ – ADP – ADV – AUX – CCONJ – DET – INTJ – NOUN – NUM – PART – PRON – PROPN – PUNCT – SCONJ – SYM – VERB – X

Features

Case – Definite – Degree – Gender – Mood – Number – NumType – Person – Poss – PronType – Reflex – Tense – VerbForm – Voice

Relations

acl – acl:relcl – advcl – advmod – amod – appos – aux – aux:pass – case – cc – ccomp – compound – compound:prt – conj – cop – csubj – csubj:outer – csubj:pass – dep – det – discourse – dislocated – expl – fixed – flat – iobj – mark – nmod – nmod:poss – nsubj – nsubj:outer – nsubj:pass – nummod – obj – obl – orphan – parataxis – punct – root – vocative – xcomp

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• This corpus contains 5243 sentences, 93200 tokens and 94217 syntactic words.

• This corpus contains 11233 tokens (12%) that are not followed by a space.

• This corpus does not contain words with spaces.

• This corpus contains 513 types of words that contain both letters and punctuation. Examples: 's, n't, 've, 'll, 'm, 'd, 're, ANSI-92, Mr., ANSI-89, Mrs., 31-Dec-1999, o'clock, 01-Jul-1999, Gai-Hinnom, drop-down, middle-aged, well-formed, &, Ben-Gurion, Hong-Kong, XML-based, a.m., by-and-by, cat-flap, custom-house, d', good-by, p.m, second-class, second-hand, .xsl, Dar-es-Salaam, Jo-Ann, No-6, Sha'ananim, St., Vice-President, anti-Semitic, case-sensitive, coup-d'etat, crew-cut, dark-green, eat-e, eight-inch, first-class, forty-eight, great-grandfather, higher-level, house-elf

• This corpus contains 1017 multi-word tokens. On average, one multi-word token consists of 2.00 syntactic words.
• There are 256 types of multi-word tokens. Examples: don't, it's, I'm, didn't, that's, Harry's, I've, can't, there's, he's, wasn't, wouldn't, you're, hadn't, couldn't, I'll, you've, Stillman's, doesn't, he'd, isn't, won't, Mweta's, Ron's, they'll, I'd, haven't, they're, Commission's, Auster's, we'll, weren't, hasn't, you'll, Europe's, father's, mother's, we'd, we've, what's, Dando's, Quinn's, Vernon's, company's, we're, Weasley's, aren't, cannot, she's, shouldn't.

Morphology

Tags

• This corpus uses 17 UPOS tags out of 17 possible: ADJ, ADP, ADV, AUX, CCONJ, DET, INTJ, NOUN, NUM, PART, PRON, PROPN, PUNCT, SCONJ, SYM, VERB, X

• This corpus contains 6 word types tagged as particles (PART): ', 's, n't, not, t', to

• This corpus contains 49 lemmas tagged as pronouns (PRON): I, Much, a, all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, else, everybody, everyone, everything, half, he, her, herself, it, many, neither, no, nobody, none, nothing, one, other, own, she, some, somebody, someone, something, such, te, that, there, they, this, we, what, whatever, whatnot, which, who, whoever, you

• This corpus contains 22 lemmas tagged as determiners (DET): a, all, an, any, both, du, each, either, every, la, le, no, none, one, some, that, the, this, what, whatever, which, who

• Out of the above, 16 lemmas occurred sometimes as PRON and sometimes as DET: a, all, any, both, each, either, no, none, one, some, that, this, what, whatever, which, who

• This corpus contains 13 lemmas tagged as auxiliaries (AUX): be, can, could, do, get, have, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

• Out of the above, 5 lemmas occurred sometimes as AUX and sometimes as VERB: be, do, get, have, will

• There are 3 (de)verbal forms:

• Fin
  • AUX: was, had, is, can, would, could, will, were, are, must
  • VERB: said, was, had, is, came, seemed, looked, went, know, made

• Inf
  • AUX: be, have, get, do
  • VERB: see, know, do, make, go, have, get, say, take, be

• Part
  • ADJ: addicted, reflecting
  • AUX: been, being, having
  • VERB: going, using, done, made, looking, trying, come, moving, taken, used

Nominal Features

• Gender

• Fem
  • PRON: her, she, herself, hers, itself

• Masc
  • PRON: he, his, him, himself

• Neut
  • PRON: its, itself, nothing

• Number

• Plur
  • DET: these, those
  • NOUN: people, eyes, fields, men, years, things, items, women, hands, words
  • NUM: fifteen, forty-one
  • PRON: they, we, them, us, our, themselves, these, those, ourselves, 's
  • PROPN: Dursleys, Hogwarts, Weasleys, Mets, States, Beatles, Bayleys, Cloughs, Pettigrews, Masons
  • VERB-Fin: mix

• Sing
  • ADJ: cloudy
  • ADV: inside, that
  • AUX-Fin: was, is, 's, has, does, am
  • DET: this, that, none
  • NOUN: data, man, time, field, way, father, page, file, Mr, line
  • PRON: he, I, his, my, him, her, she, me, that, this
  • PROPN: Harry, Quinn, Stillman, XML, Auster, Bray, SQL, Ron, Mweta, Dobby
  • SYM: %
  • VERB: was, is, 's, has, says, goes, makes, knows, means, contains
  • VERB-Fin: was, is, 's, has, says, goes, makes, knows, means, contains

• Case

• Acc
  • PRON: him, her, me, them, himself, us, myself, themselves, itself, herself

• Nom
  • ADJ: following, loud, pale, such, moving, existing, trading, living, calculated, Arabic
  • ADP: ago, in, opposite, according, regardless, Thanks, all, instead, prior, underneath
  • ADV: for, last, nearest, and, a.m., alike, besides, left, p.m, past
  • AUX: 'd, 're
  • CCONJ: as, only, so, rather
  • DET: one, La, whose
  • INTJ: Ave, Er
  • NOUN: garden, Jews, sir, smile, faces, Americans, Mr., bush, fellow, objects
  • NUM: n, U
  • PRON: he, I, they, we, she, all, others, some, no, another
  • PROPN: Access, Windows, Internet, NT, Other, Drive, Orders, Help, Salesperson, Fixed
  • SCONJ: when, whenever, even, ever
  • VERB: filter, group, burst, shut, edit, pleased, 'm, crossing, copying, laid
  • X: DB

• Definite

• Def
  • DET: the, Le
  • PRON: her

• Ind
  • DET: a, an, Tha
  • NOUN: question
  • PRON: nothing

Degree and Polarity

• Degree

• Cmp
  • ADJ: more, better, most, worse, easier, lower, older, greater, higher, less
  • ADV: longer, farther, more, nearer, sooner, harder, higher

• Pos
  • ADJ: other, white, old, new, good, same, own, black, great, little
  • ADJ-Part: addicted
  • ADV: well, far, long, soon, close, hard, little, badly, early, fast
  • INTJ: Well
  • VERB: Cursed, screaming

• Sup
  • ADJ: best, biggest, greatest, worst, largest, least, nearest, commonest, deepest, oldest
  • ADV: least, Whilst, best, closest
  • PRON: most

Verbal Features

• Mood

• Imp
  • AUX-Fin: do, be
  • VERB: let, look, see, Come, Note, click, Imagine, have, make, remember
  • VERB-Fin: let, look, see, Come, Note, click, Imagine, have, make, remember

• Ind
  • AUX-Fin: was, had, is, are, were, have, 's, did, do, has
  • VERB-Fin: said, was, had, is, came, seemed, looked, went, know, made
  • VERB-Inf: Land, hurt, march, trouble
  • VERB-Part: appeared, made, paid, promising, startled

• Sub
  • AUX-Fin: be, were
  • VERB-Fin: were, get, post

• Tense

• Past
  • AUX-Fin: was, had, were, did, 'd, got
  • AUX-Part: been
  • VERB-Fin: said, was, had, came, seemed, looked, went, made, felt, got
  • VERB-Part: done, made, come, taken, used, seen, given, displayed, written, gone

• Pres
  • ADJ-Part: reflecting
  • AUX-Fin: is, are, have, 's, do, has, 've, does, am, 'm
  • AUX-Part: being, having
  • VERB-Fin: is, know, have, are, 's, has, want, says, see, move
  • VERB-Part: going, using, looking, trying, moving, making, taking, talking, coming, doing

• Voice

• Pass
  • VERB-Fin: thought
  • VERB-Part: made, used, displayed, done, based, given, taken, created, put, hidden

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType

• Art
  • DET: the, a, an, Le, what, Tha

• Dem
  • ADV: then, there, here, that
  • DET: this, that, these, those
  • PRON: that, this, these, those

• Ind
  • DET: some, any, either
  • PRON: either, one, ones

• Int
  • ADV: how, why, where, when, wherever
  • DET: what, which, whatever
  • PRON: what, who, which, whatever, whom, whose

• Neg
  • DET: no
  • PRON: nothing

• Prs
  • PRON: he, I, his, my, they, him, her, we, she, me

• Rel
  • ADV: where, why
  • DET: whose
  • PRON: that, who, which, what, whom, whose
  • SCONJ: that

• Tot
  • DET: all, each, every, both
  • PRON: each, both

• NumType

• Card
  • NUM: one, two, three, 2002, six, five, 2000, 2, four, ten

• Mult
  • ADV: once, twice

• Ord
  • ADJ: first, second, third, fourth

• Poss

• Yes
  • DET: whose
  • PRON: his, my, your, its, our, whose, her

• Reflex

• Yes
  • PRON: himself, myself, themselves, itself, herself, yourself, ourselves

• Person

• 1
  • AUX-Fin: was, am
  • PRON: I, my, we, me, us, our, myself, ourselves, 's
  • VERB-Fin: was, am

• 2
  • PRON: your, yourself, itself

• 3
  • AUX-Fin: is, 's, has, does
  • PRON: he, his, they, him, her, she, them, himself, its, themselves
  • VERB-Fin: is, 's, has, says, goes, makes, knows, means, contains, appears

Other Features

Syntax

Auxiliary Verbs and Copula

• This corpus uses 1 lemmas as copulas (cop). Examples: be.

• This corpus uses 13 lemmas as auxiliaries (aux). Examples: have, be, do, can, would, will, could, must, should, may, might, shall, get.
• This corpus uses 10 lemmas as passive auxiliaries (aux:pass). Examples: be, have, will, can, get, could, must, should, may, would.

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

Here we consider only relations between verbs (parent) and nouns or pronouns (child).

• nsubj
  • VERB--NOUN (34)
  • VERB--NOUN-Nom (1)
  • VERB--PRON (45)
  • VERB--PRON-Nom (49)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (1057)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(of) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-Nom (39)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (820)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Nom (1793)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Nom-ADP(as) (1)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (191)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN-Nom (6)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (338)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-ADP(for) (1)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-Acc (9)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-Nom (514)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (258)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-Nom (13)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (153)
  • VERB-Part--PRON-Acc (2)
  • VERB-Part--PRON-Nom (328)

• obj
  • VERB--NOUN (102)
  • VERB--PRON (8)
  • VERB--PRON-ADP(into) (1)
  • VERB--PRON-Acc (22)
  • VERB--PRON-Nom (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (1254)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(for) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(in) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(on) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(out) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(to) (3)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-ADP(up) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN-Nom (30)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (285)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-ADP(to) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Acc (232)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Acc-ADP(with) (1)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Nom (12)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (862)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN-Nom (16)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (222)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-ADP(as) (1)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-Acc (142)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-Nom (10)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (669)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(through) (1)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-ADP(to) (1)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN-Nom (13)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (98)
  • VERB-Part--PRON-Acc (91)
  • VERB-Part--PRON-Nom (4)

• iobj
  • VERB--PRON-Acc (1)
  • VERB-Fin--NOUN (8)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON (5)
  • VERB-Fin--PRON-Acc (37)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN (4)
  • VERB-Inf--NOUN-Nom (1)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON (7)
  • VERB-Inf--PRON-Acc (9)
  • VERB-Part--NOUN (3)
  • VERB-Part--PRON (2)
  • VERB-Part--PRON-Acc (3)

Verbs with Reflexive Core Objects

• This corpus contains 72 lemmas that occur at least once with a reflexive core object (obj or iobj). Examples: find himself, feel himself, ask myself, find myself, put himself, remind himself, tell himself, enjoy himself, excuse himself, give himself, hang himself, imagine himself, lose myself, post himself, prove himself, punish himself, recover himself, wedge himself, advise myself, allow himself, avoid himself, beat himself, brace himself, break yourself, busy himself, buy yourself, buzz themselves, carry myself, clean itself, collect themselves, control himself, convince myself, cover myself, cut yourself, drink himself, drown himself, efface himself, enjoy themselves, find ourselves, fix herself, fling herself, flood himself, give themselves, help himself, hold himself, impose itself, ingratiate themselves, interpret itself, interrupt himself, keep himself
• Out of those, 1 lemmas occurred more than once, but never without a reflexive dependent. Examples: punish

Relations Overview

• This corpus uses 8 relation subtypes: acl:relcl, aux:pass, compound:prt, csubj:outer, csubj:pass, nmod:poss, nsubj:outer, nsubj:pass
• The following 4 relation types are not used in this corpus at all: clf, list, goeswith, reparandum

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