home edit page issue tracker

This page pertains to UD version 2.

It appears that you have Javascript disabled. Please consider enabling Javascript for this page to see the visualizations.

UD for Karo

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

Words are delimited by whitespace characters
According to typographical rules, many punctuation marks are attached to a neighboring word. They are given as separate tokens (words);

Morphology

UPOS	XPOS
ADJ	adj
ADV	adv
INTJ	intj
NOUN	n
PROPN	ppn
VERB	v, vi, vt
ADP	pp
AUX	aux
CCONJ	cc
DET	det
NUM	num
PART	pcl
PRON	pro
SCONJ	sc
PUNCT	punct
SYM	sym
X	x

Nominal Features

Karo nouns are not marked for gender. Number is optionally marked .
Nous can take the following Cases: ?, ?, ?, ?, ?.
PRON, are marked for Gender only in. .
Personal Pronouns and Person Markers distinguish Number(Singular or Plural). They also distinguish Clusivity in the 1^st person plural.
The relational markers Rel, which indicate contiguity or non-contiguity between a head and its dependent, take respectively the following features: Rel=Cont and Rel=NCont. A third type or relational indicates that a possessor is not present, neither contiguously or non-contiguously. This relational is tagged Rel=Abs, for absolute. The reflexive/correferential morpheme o. which is often referred to as ‘relational₃’ is associated with the feature-value Reflex=Yes.
Tupinambá is reach in nominalizations. Lexical roots can be nominalized by suffixes that receive the following features: nominalizatin of circusntance Nomzr=Circ (-saβ ‘thing, way of VERB’), passive nominalization Nomzr=Pas, deverbal passive nominalization Nomzr=DevPass (-pɨr ‘one that is VERB past participle’), Nomzr=Ag(-sar ‘the VERB-_er_’).
Nouns may also be reduplicated in both ways denoting: plurality, collectivity, superlativity, and other semantic nuances. Numerals may also be reduplicated in order to indicate distribution.
Nouns are also marked for tense.
As an omnipredicative language, lexical roots in Tupinambá are existential predicates. In order to function as arguments, the referential marker (a ̴ ∅), is required (marked as Case=Ref) despite its function being nothing like that of nominal cases.

Verbal Features

Verbs have a lexical Aspect: imperfective (Imp), perfective (Perf), iterative (Iter).
As a head marking language, Tupinambá cross-references both arguments of a two-place predicate, S and O, only when O is third person: a-s-epjak 1.SG-3(RELNCONT)-see ‘I see him/her/it/them’. The PERSON feature in this case ha sthe value Person=13 indicating that A is 1^st and O 3^rd person.
The protmanteau markers indicating 1 -> 2 (A is 1^st and U is 2^nd person) are asigned the PERSON feature Person12Sg and Person12Pl.
The lexical root in the gerund (VerbForm=Ger) is marked as VERB even when combining with a relational.
Verbs are marked for aspect: Compl (completive), Iter (Iterative), Suc Successive.
Verbs are also marked for mood: Perm (permissive).
Lexical roots may be reduplicated in two differentways: monosylabic reduplication (Red=Mo), disylabic reduplication (Red=Di). The modify the aspect of the verb in different ways: disylabic reduplication indicate the repetition or duration of an action; monosylabic reduplication indicates iteration of the action. —

Syntax

There are three types of sentences in Karo according to their illocutionary force: declarative, interrogative, and imperative.

Declarative sentences may as well contain adjuncts in their periphery (postpositional phrases or adverbials).
Focused constituents are fronted.
Interrogative illocutionary force can be of two types: yes-no questions and information questions.

Treebanks

There are N Karo UD treebanks:

Instruction: Treebank-specific pages are generated automatically from the README file in the treebank repository and from the data in the latest release. Link to the respective *-index.html page in the treebanks folder, using the language code and the treebank code in the file name.