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UD for Bavarian

We mostly follow the German guidelines but describe differences to those guidelines here.

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

We mostly delimit based on whitespace and punctuation.

Multi-word tokens

We treat fused prepositions and determiners as multi-word tokens (following the German UD annotation guidelines). Since there is both phonetic and orthographic variation in the forms of the determiners, we do not normalize them, and instead simply split the tokens into substrings (even if this occasionally results in slightly awkward tokenizations, see the second example):

• zum “to the” -> zu (ADP) + m (DET)
• im “in the” -> i (ADP) + m (DET)

When zum (zun, zan, …) is used in infinitive constructions (Ludwig van Beethoven hod de Gwohnheit ghobt, genau 60 Kafääbaunan zum oozöön […] “Ludwig van Beethoven had a habit of counting exactly 60 coffee beans”; sentence via the Wikipedia article Kafää), we handle it similarly (although note the different parts of speech):

• zum -> zu (PART) + m (DET)

Tokens split with SpaceAfter=No

We split off shortened determiners and adpositions in noun phrases, but use the SpaceAfter=No MISC attribute:

• z’Minga “in Munich” -> z’ (ADP) Minga (PROPN)
• d’neie “the new [one]” -> d’ (DET) neie (ADJ)

In sentences where a verb or conjunction is immediately followed by one or more pronouns, we use SpaceAfter=No to split them:

• gibts “there is” -> gibt (VERB) s (PRON)
• håmas “we have it” -> hå (VERB) ma (PRON) s (PRON)

Tokens NOT split apart

• We do not split off 2nd person morphemes attached to complementizers and instead treat such cases as inflection. That is, wennsd kimmsd “when.2SG come.2SG.PRES” contains two words and wennsd du kimmsd “when.2SG you.SG come.2SG.PRES” contains three.
• We do not split off the 1PL inflection ending -ma, i.e., both mia genga “we go” and mia gemma “we go” are treated the same and consist of two words each.

Morphology

Tags

Below is a copy of the German guidelines, adjusted for Bavarian:

• Bavarian uses all 17 universal POS categories, including particles (PART).
• The following words are particles in Bavarian: ned (net, niat) “not”, and the infinitive marker z (zu, za) “to”.
• The pronoun (PRON) vs. determiner (DET) distinction is based on word lists. In general, words that inflect for gender, to be able to agree with a modified noun, are tagged DET, even if they act independently in a given sentence; that includes possessives. There is more discussion on the German page on DET.
• Bavarian auxiliary verbs (AUX) are:
  • sei for perfect tenses of some verbs (i bin kemma “I have come”) and as copula (ea is oid “he is old”)
  • hom for perfect tenses of the remaining verbs (i hob gessn “I have eaten”)
  • wean for future tense (i wead reisn “I will travel”) and for the passive (des is gessn woan “it was eaten”)
  • BAR. doa for periphrastic structures in the indicative (i dua arwadn “I’m working”) or subjunctive (i daad arwadn “I would work”)
  • modal verbs deaffa “may”, kenna “can”, meeng “want”, miassn “must”, soin “shall”, woin “want”
  • The verbs sei, hom, wean, doa can also occur as normal verbs (VERB), meaning “be, have, become, do”.
• There are four main (de)verbal forms, distinguished by the UPOS tag and the value of the VerbForm feature:
  • Infinitive Inf, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Finite verb Fin, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Participle Part, tagged VERB or AUX.
  • Verbal noun Vnoun, tagged NOUN, looks like a capitalized infinitive but has an article and may inflect.
• BAR. We tag the relative marker wo (wos, wej, …) as SCONJ.

Features

There are no feature-related guidelines for Bavarian at the moment.

Syntax

Below is a copy of the German guidelines, adjusted for Bavarian:

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

• Nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase in the nominative case, without preposition.
  • A finite subordinate clause may serve as the subject and is labeled csubj.
  • If an infinitive verb is to serve as the subject, it becomes a verbal noun (it gets the neuter singular nominative article and it is capitalized in writing), thus it is labeled nsubj.
• Objects defined in the Bavarian grammar may be bare noun phrases in accusative/dative, or prepositional phrases in accusative/dative. For the purpose of UD the objects are divided to core objects, labeled obj, and oblique objects, labeled obl:arg.
  • Bare accusative objects are considered core.
  • Bare dative objects, and all prepositional objects are considered oblique.
    • This means that verbs of giving are not ditransitive predicates in Bavarian UD, as they have one oblique dative argument and only one core object.
    • In rare cases a verb may license two accusative objects and then the relation iobj will be used for one of them.
  • Accusative objects of some verbs alternate with finite clausal complements, which are labeled ccomp.
  • If a verb subcategorizes for the infinitive (e.g. phasal verbs or verbs of control), the infinitival complement is labeled xcomp.
• Adjuncts are usually prepositional phrases, but they can be bare noun phrases as well. They are labeled obl:
  • Temporal modifiers realized as accusative noun phrases: i arwad jedn Dog “I work every day.”
  • All prepositional phrases that are not prepositional objects (i.e., their role and form is not defined lexically by the predicate) are adjuncts.
• Extra attention has to be paid to the reflexive pronoun si. It can function as:
  • Core object (obj): ea hod si im Spiegl gseng lit. “he has sighted himself in the mirror.”
  • Reciprocal core objects (obj): sie hom si kissd “they kissed each other.”
  • Inherently reflexive verb, cannot exist without the reflexive clitic, and the clitic cannot be substituted by an irreflexive pronoun or a noun phrase. In accord with the UD guidelines, we label the relation between the verb and the clitic as expl:pv, not compound. Example: mia miassn uns schicka “we must hurry.”
• In passive clauses, the subject is labeled with nsubj:pass or csubj:pass, respectively.
  • The auxiliary verb in periphrastic passive is labeled aux:pass.
  • If the demoted agent is present, it has the form of a prepositional phrase and its relation is labeled obl:agent.

Non-verbal Clauses

• The copula verb sei (be) is used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses.
  • Existential clauses use a different verb, geem (give) with an accusative object: es gibd Essn “there is food.”

Relations Overview

• The following relation subtypes are used in Bavarian:
  • nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive verbs
  • csubj:pass for clausal subjects of passive verbs
  • obl:agent for agents of passive verbs
  • obl:arg for dative objects
  • expl:pv for reflexive clitics of inherently reflexive verbs
  • aux:pass for passive auxiliaries
  • compound:prt for separable verb prefixes
  • det:poss for possessive determiners
  • nmod:poss for possessive modifier phrases
  • acl:relcl for adnominal relative clauses
  • advcl:relcl for relative clauses whose antecedent is a clause
• The following relation type is not used in Bavarian at all: clf

Specific annotation decisions for Bavarian

Postponed adjectives

When an adjective is postponed for emphasis, we consider it an apposition (e.g., da freche Bua “the cheeky boy” rearranged to da Bua, da freche):

da Bua , da freche \n the boy , the cheeky
appos(Bua, freche)
det(Bua, da-1)
det(freche, da-4)
punct(freche, ,-3)
appos(boy, cheeky)
det(boy, the-7)
det(cheeky, the-10)
punct(cheeky, ,-9)

Infinitives with z(u)

Many infinitive constructions either use the cliticized infinitive marker z followed by a verbal infinitive or the marker zu (za) combined with a clitized dative determiner m (n) and a nominalized infinitive. We annotate such cases as follows, re-using the example sentence from above: Ludwig van Beethoven hod de Gwohnheit ghobt, genau 60 Kafääbaunan zum oozöön, um si draus a Schalal Mokka zmochn. “Ludwig van Beethoven had a habit of counting exactly 60 coffee beans in order to brew a cup of coffee from them”

[...] genau 60 Kafääbaunan zu/PART m/DET oozöön/NOUN , um si draus a Schalal Mokka z/PART mochn/VERB  \n [...] exactly 60 coffee.beans to/PART the/DET counting/NOUN , in.order.to himself out.of.it a cup coffee to/PART make/VERB
mark(oozöön, zu)
det(oozöön, m)
mark(mochn, z)
mark(counting, to)
det(counting, the)
mark(make, to-32)

Relative markers

We tag relative pronouns (dea, de, des) as PRON and annotate them as nsubj/obj/… For the relative marker wo (wos, wej), we use SCONJ and mark:

da Disch , (dea)/PRON wo/SCONJ hier steht
nsubj(steht, (dea))
mark(steht, wo)
acl:relcl(Disch, steht)

Treebanks

There is one Bavarian UD treebank:

• UD_Bavarian-MaiBaam

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