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UD for Catalan

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Description of exceptions follows.
According to typographical rules, many punctuation marks are attached to a neighboring word. We usually tokenize them as separate tokens (words) with the exception of abbreviations such as etc. “etc.” which are kept as one token with the period.
There are two main classes of multi-word tokens:
- Contractions of prepositions and definite articles. Example: al = a + el “to the”, del = de + el “of the”.
- Certain verb forms (infinitives, imperatives, present participles) are writen together with object clitic pronouns, while with other verb forms the clitics are written as separate words. Examples: convertir-se = convertir + se “to become” (lit. “to convert itself”), fer-ho “to do it”. Since the verb-clitic combination is written with a hyphen in Catalan, it could be split during the low-level tokenization. However, we treat it as a multi-word token to emphasize parallelism with Spanish, where it is written as one word.

Morphology

Nominal Features

Nominal words (NOUN, PROPN and PRON) have an inherent Gender feature with one of two values: Masc or Fem.
- The following parts of speech inflect for Gender because they must agree with nouns: ADJ, DET. Only a subset of adjectives can inflect for gender. A large group of adjectives (e.g. firal “fair” or gran “big”) have just one form regardless of the gender of the modified noun. These adjectives have the gender feature empty.
The two values of the Number feature are Sing and Plur. The following parts of speech inflect for number: NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, VERB, AUX (finite and participles).
Case has three possible values: Nom, Dat, Acc. It occurs only with personal pronouns (PRON). The “case” (i.e., role w.r.t. predicates or other phrases) of other nominals is expressed using prepositions, not morphologically.
Definite has 2 values: Ind, Def. It is used to distinguish the indefinite and definite articles (DET).

Degree and Polarity

Degree applies to adjectives (ADJ) and adverbs (ADV) and has one of three possible values: Pos, Cmp, Abs. The absolute superlative is marked morphologically on adjectives. Otherwise, the comparative and superlative of most adjectives is formed periphrastically, and Degree=Cmp is only used with a few irregular forms.
Polarity is used to mark the negative particle no, i.e., only the Neg value is used.

Verbal Features

Finite verbs always have one of four values of Mood: Ind, Imp, Sub and Cnd.
Finite verbs can have one of four values of Tense: Past, Imp, Pres, Fut.
- Imperative and conditional forms do not have the Tense feature. (In Catalan grammar, the conditional is itself often classified as a tense. However, it is a mood in Universal Dependencies.)
- The Tense feature is also used with the past participles (venido “come”).
The Aspect feature is currently not used in Catalan. It is not needed for the imperfect past tense because UD has the special value Tense=Imp. And it is not needed for the perfect tenses because they are constructed periphrastically.
The Voice feature is not used in Catalan because the passive voice is expressed periphrastically.

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

PronType is used with pronouns (PRON) and determiners (DET).
NumType is used with numerals (NUM), adjectives (ADJ) and determiners (DET).
NumForm is used with numerals (NUM) and adjectives (ADJ).
The Poss feature marks possessive personal determiners (e.g. meu “my”), possessive personal pronouns (e.g. meva “mine”).
The Reflex feature is always used together with PronType=Prs and it marks reflexive pronouns. Note that their forms in the first and second person are ambiguous with irreflexive accusative forms, and the Reflex feature must be decided by context.
Person is a lexical feature of personal pronouns (PRON) and has three values, 1, 2 and 3. With personal possessive determiners (DET), the feature actually encodes the person of the possessor. Person is not marked on other types of pronouns and on nouns, although they can be almost always interpreted as the 3rd person.
- As a cross-reference to subject, person is also marked on finite verbs (VERB, AUX).
The Polite feature distinguishes informal second-person pronouns (tu, vosaltres, Polite=Infm) from the formal vostè, vostès (Polite=Form).
There is one layered feature, Number[psor]. It appears with possessive determiners and encodes the lexical number of the possessor. The extra layer is needed to distinguish this lexical feature from the inflectional number that marks agreement with the modified (possessed) noun.

Other Features

The following universal features are not used in Catalan: Animacy, Evident.

Syntax

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

The dominant word order in Catalan is SVO, but other word orders, especially SOV and OVS, are also possible.
Nominal subject (nsubj) is a bare noun phrase without preposition. If it is a personal pronoun, it must be in the nominative form (note however that Catalan is a pro-drop language, where pronominal subjects can be omitted). It typically occurs preverbally, but it can occur after the verb as well. The morphology of a finite verb (or auxiliary) cross-references the person and number of its subject.
Direct nominal object (obj) is either a bare noun phrase or a personal pronoun in the accusative form.
- The accusative pronoun is a clitic and its position in the word order is fixed. With finite verbs in indicative or subjunctive, it occurs immediately before the verb and is written as a separate word. With imperatives, infinitives and gerunds, it occurs immediately after the verb (or after a dative clitic, if both are present), and is written together with the verb as one multiword token; we still treat it as a separate syntactic word.
- The accusative clitic may occur even together with the object noun; this construction is called clitic doubling. Both the noun and the clitic are attached directly to the verb. However, the clitic is labeled as the object only if the noun is absent. In case of clitic doubling, the noun is attached as obj and the clitic as expl (expletive).
The term ‘indirect object’ is traditionally used in Catalan grammar for the argument that represents the recipient or beneficiary of an action. However, these participants are not core arguments (they use oblique marking, either a preposition or a dative pronoun), hence they cannot be called indirect objects in UD and the relation iobj has no use in Catalan. To distinguish them from temporal and local adjuncts, we use the relation obl:arg for the recipients.

# text = En Jordi va matar el drac.
# text_en = George killed the dragon.
1	En	en	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	Jordi	Jordi	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	Gloss=George
3	va	anar	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
4	matar	matar	VERB	_	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=kill
5	el	el	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	6	det	_	Gloss=the
6	drac	drac	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	obj	_	Gloss=dragon|SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	4	punct	_	_

# text = En Jordi el va matar.
# text_en = George killed it.
1	En	en	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	Jordi	Jordi	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	Gloss=George
3	el	ell	PRON	_	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	Gloss=him
4	va	anar	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
5	matar	matar	VERB	_	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=kill|SpaceAfter=No
6	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	5	punct	_	_

# text = Els perjudicis els pateixen els compradors.
# text_en = Damages are borne by the buyers.
1	Els	el	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	perjudicis	perjudici	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	obj	_	Gloss=damages
3	els	ell	PRON	_	Case=Acc|Number=Plur|Person=3|PronType=Prs	4	expl	_	Gloss=them
4	pateixen	patir	VERB	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	Gloss=suffer|SpaceAfter=No
5	els	el	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	6	det	_	Gloss=the
6	compradors	comprador	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	4	nsubj	_	Gloss=buyers|SpaceAfter=No
7	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	4	punct	_	_

# text = En Pere va regalar un llibre a la Maria.
# text_en = Pere gave a book to Maria.
1	En	en	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	Pere	Pere	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	Gloss=Pere
3	va	anar	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
4	regalar	regalar	VERB	_	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=give
5	un	un	DET	_	Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	6	det	_	Gloss=a
6	llibre	llibre	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	obj	_	Gloss=book
7	a	a	ADP	_	_	9	case	_	Gloss=to
8	la	el	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	9	det	_	Gloss=the
9	Maria	Maria	PROPN	_	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	obl:arg	_	Gloss=Maria|SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	4	punct	_	_

# text = En Pere li va regalar un llibre.
# text_en = Pere gave her a book.
1	En	en	DET	_	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	Pere	Pere	PROPN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	Gloss=Pere
3	li	ell	PRON	_	Case=Dat|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obl:arg	_	Gloss=her
4	va	anar	AUX	_	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
5	regalar	regalar	VERB	_	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=give
6	un	un	DET	_	Definite=Ind|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	7	det	_	Gloss=a
7	llibre	llibre	NOUN	_	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	5	obj	_	Gloss=book|SpaceAfter=No
8	.	.	PUNCT	_	_	5	punct	_	_

Extra attention has to be paid to the reflexive pronoun es. It can function as:
- Core object (obj): es va veure al mirall “he sighted himself in the mirror.”
- Reciprocal core objects (obj): es van besar “they kissed each other.”
- Reflexive passive (expl:pass): s’ha ofert una atenció psicològica a les persones afectades “psychological attention has been offered to the people affected” (lit. “offered itself”).
- Inherently reflexive verb, cannot exist without the reflexive clitic, and the clitic cannot be substituted by an irreflexive pronoun or a noun phrase. In many cases, an irreflexive counterpart of the verb actually exists but its meaning is different because it denotes a different action performed by the agent. In accord with the current UD guidelines, we label the relation between the verb and the clitic as expl:pv, not compound. Example: es tracta d’una immigració “the matter is immigration;” s’havia de riure “he had to laugh.”
In passive clauses, the subject is labeled with nsubj:pass or csubj:pass, respectively.
- The auxiliary verb in periphrastic passive is labeled aux:pass.

Non-verbal Clauses

The copula verbs ser and estar (be) are used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses.

Subordination

Instead of a nominal, a clause may act as the subject of another clause. Such clausal subjects are attached as csubj:

# text = D'entrada va quedar clar que l'individu no hi tocava gens.
# text_en = From the outset it was clear that the individual was not involved at all.
1	D'	de	ADP	sps00	_	2	case	_	SpaceAfter=No|Gloss=from
2	entrada	entrada	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	obl	_	Gloss=outset
3	va	anar	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
4	quedar	quedar	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=remain
5	clar	clar	ADJ	aq0ms0	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	4	xcomp	_	ArgTem=arg2:atr|Gloss=clear
6	que	que	SCONJ	cs	_	11	mark	_	Gloss=that
7	l'	el	DET	da0cs0	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	8	det	_	SpaceAfter=No|Gloss=the
8	individu	individu	NOUN	ncms000	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing	11	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=individual
9	no	no	PART	rn	Polarity=Neg	11	advmod	_	Gloss=not
10	hi	hi	PRON	pp3cn000	Case=Loc|Person=3|PronType=Prs	11	obl	_	Gloss=there
11	tocava	tocar	VERB	vmii3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Imp|VerbForm=Fin	4	csubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=was.playing
12	gens	gens	ADV	rg	_	11	advmod	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=argM:adv|Gloss=at.all
13	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	4	punct	_	Gloss=.

Some verbs take clauses as complements and these clauses alternate with direct objects (nouns or pronouns). Such clausal complements are attached as ccomp:

# text = La professora ha reiterat que considera que Arola i Igual van prevaricar.
# text_en = The teacher has reiterated that she considers that Arola and Igual committed fraud.
1	La	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	professora	professora	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=teacher
3	ha	haver	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=has
4	reiterat	reiterar	VERB	vmp00sm	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	Gloss=reiterated
5	que	que	SCONJ	cs	_	6	mark	_	Gloss=that
6	considera	considerar	VERB	vmip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	ccomp	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=considers
7	que	que	SCONJ	cs	_	12	mark	_	Gloss=that
8	Arola	Arola	PROPN	np0000p	_	12	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=Arola
9	i	i	CCONJ	cc	_	10	cc	_	Gloss=and
10	Igual	Igual	PROPN	np0000p	_	8	conj	_	Gloss=Igual
11	van	anar	AUX	vaip3p0	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	12	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
12	prevaricar	prevaricar	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	6	ccomp	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=commit.fraud
13	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	4	punct	_	Gloss=.

# text = La professora ho ha reiterat.
# text_en = The teacher has reiterated it.
1	La	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	professora	professora	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	5	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=teacher
3	ho	ell	PRON	pp3nn000	Case=Acc|Gender=Neut|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	ArgTem=arg2:pat|Gloss=it
4	ha	haver	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	Gloss=has
5	reiterat	reiterar	VERB	vmp00sm	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No|Gloss=reiterated
6	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	5	punct	_	Gloss=.

Clauses that modify other clauses but do not correspond to core arguments are called adverbial (advcl), but the class is broader than what non-UD theories may recognize as adverbial clauses. They are clausal counterparts of oblique nominals and adverbs.

# text = Els arbres existents es traslladaran mentre duri la urbanització.
# text_en = The existing trees will be moved for the duration of the development.
1	Els	el	DET	da0mp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	arbres	arbre	NOUN	ncmp000	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	5	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=trees
3	existents	existent	ADJ	aq0cp0	Number=Plur	2	amod	_	Gloss=existing
4	es	ell	PRON	p0000000	Case=Acc,Dat|Person=3|PrepCase=Npr|PronType=Prs|Reflex=Yes	5	expl:pass	_	Gloss=themselves
5	traslladaran	traslladar	VERB	vmif3p0	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Fut|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	Gloss=will.move
6	mentre	mentre	SCONJ	cs	_	7	mark	_	Gloss=while
7	duri	durar	VERB	vmsp3s0	Mood=Sub|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	advcl	_	ArgTem=argM:tmp|Gloss=lasts
8	la	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	9	det	_	Gloss=the
9	urbanització	urbanització	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	7	nsubj	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=development
10	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	5	punct	_	Gloss=.

Clauses that modify nominals are called adnominal (acl). They are clausal counterparts of nmod and amod.

# text = La UdG ha manifestat la voluntat que els premis tinguin continuïtat.
# text_en = The UdG has expressed its desire for the awards to have continuity.
1	La	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	UdG	UdG	PROPN	np0000o	_	4	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=UdG
3	ha	haver	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=has
4	manifestat	manifestar	VERB	vmp00sm	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	Gloss=expressed
5	la	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	6	det	_	Gloss=the
6	voluntat	voluntat	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	obj	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=desire
7	que	que	SCONJ	cs	_	10	mark	_	Gloss=that
8	els	el	DET	da0mp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	9	det	_	Gloss=the
9	premis	premi	NOUN	ncmp000	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=awards
10	tinguin	tenir	VERB	vmsp3p0	Mood=Sub|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	6	acl	_	Gloss=have
11	continuïtat	continuïtat	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	10	obj	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=arg2:atr|Gloss=continuity
12	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	4	punct	_	Gloss=.

A special type of adnominal clause is the relative clause. It contains the relative pronoun que (that is, que is not a subordinating conjunction here), which has the same referent as the nominal modified by the clause. The relation subtype acl:relcl is used for relative clauses.

# text = Els grans blocs que uneixen els pilons han estat fabricats a Cadis.
# text_en = The large blocks that join the pylons have been manufactured in Cádiz.
1	Els	el	DET	da0mp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	3	det	_	Gloss=the
2	grans	gran	ADJ	aq0cp0	Number=Plur	3	amod	_	Gloss=large
3	blocs	bloc	NOUN	ncmp000	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	10	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=blocks
4	que	que	PRON	pr0cn000	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=that
5	uneixen	unir	VERB	vmip3p0	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	Gloss=join
6	els	el	DET	da0mp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	7	det	_	Gloss=the
7	pilons	piló	NOUN	ncmp000	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur	5	obj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=pylons
8	han	haver	AUX	vaip3p0	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	10	aux	_	Gloss=have
9	estat	ser	AUX	vsp00sm	Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	10	aux	_	Gloss=been
10	fabricats	fabricar	VERB	vmp00pm	Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Part	0	root	_	Gloss=manufactured
11	a	a	ADP	sps00	_	12	case	_	Gloss=in
12	Cadis	Cadis	PROPN	np0000l	_	10	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=argM:loc|Gloss=Cádiz
13	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	10	punct	_	Gloss=.

There is a productive construction in which an article governs a relative clause. Together they fill any slot in the superordinate clause that allows a nominal. Formally the slot is filled by the article, hence if the slot corresponds to an object of a verb, the article is attached as obj but the clause is not attached as ccomp. The clause formally modifies a nominal (the article), in the same way in which relative clauses are constructed, so the relation between the article and the subordinate clause is acl:relcl. If the governing article is definite (el, la, els, les), it corresponds to English “the one”; if it is indefinite (un, una), it corresponds to “one”. Note that the same analysis would also arise if we posited an elided noun and the promotion of the article to the head position; in the example below, the article in fact represents the nominal els futbolistes “the footballers”, which can be inferred from the preceding sentence in the corpus.

# text = També afavoreix els que procedeixen de les excolònies espanyoles.
# text_en = It also favors those who come from the former Spanish colonies.
1	També	també	ADV	rg	_	2	advmod	_	Gloss=also
2	afavoreix	afavorir	VERB	vmip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	Gloss=favors
3	els	el	DET	da0mp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Masc|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	2	obj	_	Gloss=those
4	que	que	PRON	pr0cn000	PronType=Rel	5	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=who
5	procedeixen	procedir	VERB	vmip3p0	Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	3	acl:relcl	_	Gloss=come
6	de	de	ADP	sps00	_	8	case	_	Gloss=from
7	les	el	DET	da0fp0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Plur|PronType=Art	8	det	_	Gloss=the
8	excolònies	excolònia	NOUN	nc00000	Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	5	obl:arg	_	ArgTem=arg2:loc|Gloss=former-colonies
9	espanyoles	espanyol	ADJ	aq0fp0	Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	8	amod	_	Gloss=Spanish
10	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	2	punct	_	Gloss=.

If a verb expects another predicate (i.e., clause) as complement and the subject of the subordinate clause is obligatorily coreferential with an argument (subject or object) of the main verb, then the relation between the two verbs is xcomp. The subordinate verb is typically (but not necessarily) infinitive, sometimes accompanied with a preposition selected by the main verb. Such complements are considered core arguments but they do not necessarily alternate with a direct nominal object; in fact, for certain main verbs they occur together with an object, which is the argument that the subject of the xcomp clause is coreferential with.
- In some cases the traditional grammar may list a verb as auxiliary but it does not fit in the more narrow definition of auxiliaries in UD and is analyzed as the main verb of an xcomp construction.
- The xcomp relation is also used for certain cases of secondary predication (except for optional depictives, for which advcl is used). Secondary predication is often realized using a nominal or an adjective that makes additional claims about the subject (how it looked during the main action, what it became as a result of the action etc.)
- In some cases the traditional grammar may list a verb as a (pseudo-)copula but it cannot be a copula in UD (where only ser and estar have the copula status). Instead, the putative copula is analyzed as the main verb in an xcomp construction.

# text = La víctima va aconseguir fer-lo desistir en oposar resistència a mossegades.
# text_en = The victim managed to make him give up by resisting bites.
1	La	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	víctima	víctima	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	4	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg0:agt|Gloss=victim
3	va	anar	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	4	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
4	aconseguir	aconseguir	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=manage
5-6	fer-lo	_	_	_	_	_	_	_	_
5	fer	fer	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	4	xcomp	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=make
6	lo	ell	PRON	pp3msa00	Case=Acc|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	5	obj	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=him
7	desistir	desistir	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	Gloss=give.up
8	en	en	ADP	sps00	_	9	mark	_	Gloss=by
9	oposar	oposar	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	4	advcl	_	ArgTem=argM:adv|Gloss=put.up
10	resistència	resistència	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	9	obj	_	ArgTem=arg1:pat|Gloss=resistence
11	a	a	ADP	sps00	_	12	case	_	Gloss=to
12	mossegades	mossegada	NOUN	ncfp000	Gender=Fem|Number=Plur	9	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=argM:mnr|Gloss=bites
13	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	4	punct	_	Gloss=.

# text = L'any 1966 va començar a treballar a la Diputació.
# text_en = In 1966 he started working at the Provincial Council.
1	L'	el	DET	da0cs0	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	SpaceAfter=No|Gloss=the
2	any	any	NOUN	_	_	5	obl	_	ArgTem=argM:tmp|Gloss=year
3	1966	1966	NUM	_	NumForm=Digit|NumType=Card	2	nmod	_	Gloss=1966
4	va	anar	AUX	vaip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	aux	_	Gloss=PAST
5	començar	començar	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	0	root	_	Gloss=start
6	a	a	ADP	sps00	_	7	mark	_	Gloss=to
7	treballar	treballar	VERB	vmn0000	VerbForm=Inf	5	xcomp	_	Gloss=work
8	a	a	ADP	sps00	_	10	case	_	Gloss=at
9	la	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	10	det	_	Gloss=the
10	Diputació	Diputació	PROPN	np0000o	_	7	obl	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=argM:loc|Gloss=Provincial.Council
11	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	5	punct	_	Gloss=.

# text = La frontera entre una cosa i l'altra sembla clara.
# text_en = The border between one thing and the other seems clear.
1	La	el	DET	da0fs0	Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	2	det	_	Gloss=the
2	frontera	frontera	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	ArgTem=arg1:tem|Gloss=border
3	entre	entre	ADP	sps00	_	5	case	_	Gloss=between
4	una	un	DET	di0fs0	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	det	_	Gloss=one
5	cosa	cosa	NOUN	ncfs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	2	nmod	_	Gloss=thing
6	i	i	CCONJ	cc	_	8	cc	_	Gloss=and
7	l'	el	DET	da0cs0	Definite=Def|Number=Sing|PronType=Art	8	det	_	SpaceAfter=No|Gloss=the
8	altra	altre	PRON	pi0fs000	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Ind	5	conj	_	Gloss=other
9	sembla	semblar	VERB	vmip3s0	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	0	root	_	Gloss=seems
10	clara	clar	ADJ	aq0fs0	Gender=Fem|Number=Sing	9	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No|ArgTem=arg2:atr|Gloss=clear
11	.	.	PUNCT	fp	PunctType=Peri	9	punct	_	Gloss=.

Relations Overview

The following relation subtypes are used in Catalan:
- acl:relcl for relative clauses
- nsubj:pass for nominal subjects of passive verbs
- csubj:pass for clausal subjects of passive verbs
- aux:pass for passive auxiliaries
The following relation types are not used in Catalan at all: clf, dislocated, iobj

Treebanks

There is one Catalan UD treebank:

Catalan

Spanish-Catalan comparison