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UD for Lithuanian

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters. Description of exceptions follows.
According to typographical rules, many punctuation marks are attached to a neighboring word. We mostly tokenize them as separate tokens (words). One exception is foreign hyphenated compounds such as Pierre-Louis “Pierre-Louis” (one token). On the other hand, abbreviations such as mlrd. “billions” are split to the abbreviated word and the period (two tokens).
A whitespace separating digits in a large number is not treated as a word separator. For example, 1 000 000 (“1,000,000” by English rules) is one token.
Certain multi-word expressions such as the indefinite pronouns kas nors “something”, bet kas “anything” are currently annotated as words with spaces and occupy a single node. This is a legacy of the ALKSNIS treebank. In the future, these nodes should be split and the new nodes connected via the fixed relation.

Nominal words (NOUN, PROPN and PRON) have an inherent Gender feature with one of two values: Masc or Fem.
- The following parts of speech inflect for Gender and Animacy because they must agree with nouns: ADJ, DET, NUM, VERB, AUX.
The two main values of the Number feature are Sing and Plur. The following parts of speech inflect for number: NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, VERB, AUX (finite, participles and converbs), marginally NUM.
- The dual number (Dual) survives in some dialects of Lithuanian.
Case has 7 possible values: Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Voc, Loc, Ins. It occurs with the nominal words, i.e., NOUN, PROPN, PRON, ADJ, DET, NUM. It can also occur with participles.

Degree applies to adjectives (ADJ) and adverbs (ADV) and has one of three possible values: Pos, Cmp, Sup.
Polarity has two values, Pos and Neg, and applies primarily to verbs (VERB, AUX) that can be negated using the bound morpheme ne-.

Finite verbs always have one of three values of Mood: Ind, Imp or Sub.
Verbs in the indicative mood always have one of three values of Tense: Past, Pres or Fut.
There are two values of the Voice feature: Act and Pass.

PronType is used with pronouns (PRON), determiners (DET) and adverbs (ADV).
NumType is used with numerals (NUM), adjectives (ADJ), determiners (DET) and adverbs (ADV).
The Reflex feature marks reflexive pronouns (savęs) and verbs.
Person is a lexical feature of personal pronouns (PRON) and has three values, 1, 2 and 3.
- As a cross-reference to subject, person is also marked on finite verbs (VERB, AUX).

Nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase in the nominative case, without preposition.
- A subordinate clause may serve as the subject and is labeled csubj.
In the context of UD, bare noun phrases in accusative, dative, genitive or instrumental can be labeled as objects (obj or iobj), while prepositional arguments are always considered oblique. They are labeled obl:arg, while adjuncts are labeled obl.

The copula verb būti (be) is used in equational, attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses.
Nominal predicates without copula are not uncommon.

There are 2 Lithuanian UD treebanks: