home edit page issue tracker

UD for Naga

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• Words in Naga-Suansu are generally delimited by whitespace or punctuation. Exceptions:

  • Multiword tokens occur in the case of clitics. The nominalizer di is written after the verb complex without whitespace. For example, mazokwoan ngammedi (“think.arrive + be able to + NMLZ = memory”).

  • No words with internal whitespace appear in the current data.

Morphology

Tags

• Naga-Suansu employs 16 universal POS tags. The SYM category does not appear in the current dataset.

Determiners vs. Pronouns

• The DET tag applies to words functioning as determiners, including demonstratives (hai, tye), indefinites (kwehn, za), total quantifiers (mazohm), reflexives (drekhalai, khalailehnda), and interrogatives (mwe, gare).
• The PRON tag is reserved for words serving as the head of a noun phrase, including personal, demonstrative, indefinite, total, and interrogative pronouns.

(De)verbal Forms

Naga-Suansu distinguishes four main (de)verbal forms based on the VerbForm feature:

• Finite verbs (Fin), tagged as VERB or AUX
• Infinitives (Inf), tagged as VERB or AUX
• Converbs (Conv), tagged as VERB or AUX
• Verbal nouns (Vnoun), tagged as NOUN

Features

Nominal Features

• Nominals (NOUN, PRON, PROPN) carry Number (Sing, Plur), and can carry Case (Abl, Ben, Dat, DatErg, Erg, ErgTop, Gen, GenAbl, GenTop, Loc, LocTop, Top).
• ADJ and NUM inherit nominal features of the whole noun phrase.
• DET gets nominal features when it is the final element in a noun phrase.

Verbal Features

• VERB and verbal auxiliary la “be” (AUX) may have features such as Aspect (Imp, Perf, Prog), Modal (Abil, Perm, Poss), Mood (Imp, Ind), and Tense (Past, Pqp, Pres).
• All verbal features also appear on ADP and ADV in phrasal verb particles.
• Mood auxiliaries have Mood (Des, Jus, Hort, Imp, Int, Irr) feature.

• The evidential auxiliaries gu and ga use the Evident (Fh, Nfh) feature.

• The obligatory modal auxiliary geraha has the Modal (Obl) feature.

Pronouns, Determiners, and Quantifiers

• PronType (Dem, Ind, Int, Prs, Tot) is used with PRON, DET, and ADV.
• Personal pronouns have the Person feature in addition to Case, and Number.
• Demonstratives have Deixis (Prox, Remt).
• Reflex (Yes) is used with reflexive DET

Other Features

• Abbr (Yes) is applied to abbreviations, mostly PROPN.
• Degree (Cmp, Pos) is used with ADJ.
• ExtPos (ADV, VERB) is used on the first words of fixed multiword expressions (fixed).
• Foreign (Yes) is applied to foreign words tagged as X.
• NumType (Card) and NumForm (Digit, Word) are used with NUM.
• Polarity (Neg) is used on negative PART and INTJ and on the last word in the clause (VERB, AUX, etc.). Polarity (Pos) is used on positive INTJ (e.g., ay “yes”).
• The following universal features are currently not used in Naga-Suansu: Animacy, Clusivity, DeixisRef, Gender, NounClass, Polite, Poss, Typo, Voice.

Syntax

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments, and Adjuncts

• A nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase, typically in the first position of a clause. It can have an Ergative case (-nan), a Topic case (-di), or no case marking, and it does not have a postposition.

  • Intransitive predicates ar–e usually unmarked, although they can take the Topic case in certain types of predications.

  • Transitive predicates usually have subjects with the Ergative case, though it can be omitted.

  • A finite subordinate clause can serve as the subject and is labeled csubj.

• For transitive predicates, the other argument (the one that is not the subject) is the direct object (obj). It is usually in the second position of the clause, has a Topic case or no case marking, and does not have a postposition.

• Indirect nominal objects (iobj) of ditransitive predicates usually have the Dative case (-la), though it can be omitted.

• Adjuncts are either postpositional phrases or bare nominals with cases other than Ergative, Topic, or Dative, or with omitted case marking. They are labeled obl.

Non-verbal Clauses

The copula e is found in equational clauses only. Attributional, locative, possessive and benefactory nonverbal clauses use VERB forms or the auxiliary la “be” (AUX).

Relations Overview

• The following relation subtypes are used in Naga-Suansu:

  • acl:relc - relative clause modifier
  • advmod:emph - emphasizing word, intensifier
  • compound:prt - phrasal verb particle
  • compound:svc - serial verb compounds
  • csubj:outer - outer clause clausal subject
  • flat:foreign - foreign words
  • flat:name - multiword names
  • nmod:poss - possessive nominal modifier
  • nsubj:outer - outer clause nominal subject
  • nsubj:pass- passive nominal subject

• The following relation types are not currently used in Naga-Suansu: clf, dep, dislocated, expl, goeswith, list.

Treebanks

There is one Naga UD treebanks:

• Naga-Suansu

© 2014–2024 Universal Dependencies contributors. Site powered by Annodoc and brat

.