fixed: multi-word expression
The fixed relation is used for a small set of multiword expressions, largely taken over intact from ARCOSG.
These mainly fall into the following categories:
- adverbs, like an ear or a chaoidh
- compound conjunctions like o chionn ‘s
- compound prepositions like am broinn and especially ones that are often spelt with a hyphen but have been written with a space instead like a rèir
- copulae, like ’s e or gur e
Examples
1 taobh taobh NOUN Ncsmd Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
2 a a ADJ Aq _ 1 amod _ _
3 deas deas ADJ Aq _ 2 fixed _ _
4 na an DET Tdsfg Case=Gen|Definite=Def|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing|PronType=Art 5 det _ _
5 dùthcha dùthaich NOUN Ncsfg Case=Gen|Gender=Fem|Number=Sing 1 nmod _ _
“the southern side of the country”
1 bho bho ADP Sp _ 3 case _ _
2 chionn cionn ADP Nf _ 1 fixed _ _
3 ghoirid goirid ADJ Aq-smd Case=Dat|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
“a short time ago”
1 's is AUX Wp-i Tense=Pres 3 cop _ _
2 e e PRON Pp3sm Gender=Masc|Number=Sing|Person=3 1 fixed _ _
3 dusan dusan NOUN Ncsmn Case=Nom|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 0 root _ _
4 acair acair NOUN Ncsmg Case=Gen|Gender=Masc|Number=Sing 3 nmod _ _
5 a a PART Q-r PartType=Vb|PronType=Rel 6 nsubj _ _
6 bh' bi VERB V-s Tense=Past 3 csubj:cleft _ _
7-8 annta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7 an an ADP Sp _ 8 case _ _
8 iad iad PRON Pp3p Number=Plur|Person=3 6 xcomp:pred _ _
copula and expletive pronoun, here “it was a dozen acres”. This is a really common construction in Scottish Gaelic.
Full list
The following expressions are approved by the validator at https://github.com/colinbatchelor/gdbank/blob/master/validate_gd_extras.py
As such they include dialect variants, spelling variants, words without diacritics and spelling mistakes. They can also be found in https://github.com/colinbatchelor/gdbank/blob/master/fixed.gd
This list contains bigrams that are not valid on their own but only as part of larger expressions. These bigrams are not listed below.
Within their categories they are listed in alphabetical order of content word followed by non-content words, disregarding lenition, so bho thoiseach is listed after an toiseach.
Compound adjectives
Some of these also serve as adverbs.
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| air bith | any | ADP NOUN | ADJ | |
| sam bith, sam bidh | any | ADP NOUN | ADJ | This is originally anns am bith but we’re not treating the first element as a MWE yet |
| air choireigin, air choreigin | or other | ADP NOUN | ADJ | |
| a deas | south | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| mu dheas | southern | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| bho dheireadh, fo dheireadh, mu dheireadh, ma dheireadh | last | ADP NOUN | ADJ | ma is dialectal |
| ‘n ear, an ear | east | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| an earas, an earras | southeast | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| ‘n iar, an iar | west | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| an iaras, an iarras | southwest | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| air leth | exceptional | ADP NOUN | ADJ | |
| fa leth | individual | ADP NOUN | ADJ | |
| a mach | out | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| a muigh | outside | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| a staigh, a stigh | inside | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| a steach | in | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| a tuath | north | PART NOUN | ADJ | |
| mu thuath | northern | PART NOUN | ADJ |
Compound adverbs
Many of these are spelt, at least according to GOC, with a hyphen.
Some of these also serve as adjectives.
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos |
|---|---|---|---|
| an àird, an àirde | up | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a dh’aithghearr | shortly | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| a dh’aona-ghnothaich | deliberately | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| an ath-oidhch’, an ath-oidhche | tomorrow night | PART NOUN | ADV |
| anns a’ bhad, sa bhad | at once | ADP DET NOUN | ADV |
| am bliadhna | this year | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a bhòn-uiridh | the year before last | PART PRON | ADV |
| a chaoidh | ever | PART PRON | ADV |
| a cheana | already | PART NOUN | ADV |
| an ceart-uair, an ceartuair | right now | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a cheile, a chèile, a chéile | each other | PART NOUN | ADV |
| ri cheile, ri chèile, ri chéile | together, against each other | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| mar an ceudna | similarly | SCONJ DET NOUN | ADV |
| dè cho, dé cho | how (as in how big) | PRON ADV | ADV |
| an còmhnaidh | always | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| an dè | yesterday | PART NOUN | ADV |
| air dheireadh | behind, late, trailing | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| mu dheireadh thall, ma dheireadh thall | eventually | ADP NOUN ADV | ADV |
| ‘n diugh, an diugh, a’ diugh | today | PART NOUN | ADV |
| an dràsda, an dràsta | now | PART NOUN | ADV |
| an earar | the day after tomorrow | PART NOUN | ADV |
| fad as | far off | NOUN ADP | ADV |
| air falbh | away | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| an ìre mhath | fairly | ADP NOUN ADJ | ADV |
| air leth | particularly | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| fa leth | one by one | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| an iarar | the day before yesterday | PART NOUN | ADV |
| an làrna-mhàireach | the following morning | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a mach | out | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a muigh | outside | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a màireach | tomorrow | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a neisd, a nis, a nise | now | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a nuas | down (towards speaker) | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a nochd | tonight | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a raoir, an raoir | last night | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a riamh | every | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a rithist | again | PART NOUN | ADV |
| ‘n seo, an seo, a seo | here | PART PRON | ADV |
| ann a sheo, ann a-seo, ann an seo | here | ADP (PART) PRON | ADV |
| ann a sheothach, ann a-seothach, an seothach | here | ADP (PART) ADJ | ADV |
| mu sgaoil, ma sgaoil | loose | PART NOUN | ADV |
| an sin, ‘n sin, a sin, an sean | there | PART PRON | ADV |
| ann a shin, ann a-sin | there | ADP PART PRON | ADV |
| ann a-sineach, an sineach | there | ADP ADJ | ADV |
| an siod, an siud, ann a-siud, ann a shiud | yonder | PART PRON | ADV |
| an siudach, ann a shiodach, ann a shiudach | yonder | ADP (PART) ADJ | ADV |
| a staigh, a stigh | inside | PART NOUN | ADV |
| a steach | in | PART NOUN | ADV |
| ma tha, ma thà | indeed | SCONJ VERB | ADV |
| an toiseach | at first | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| bho thoiseach | from the start | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| mu thràth | already | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| air thùs | at first | ADP NOUN | ADV |
| mar is trice, mar bu trice | usually | SCONJ AUX ADJ | ADV |
| ‘n uairsin, an uairsin, an uair sin | then | ADP NOUN (DET) | ADV |
| o’n uairsin | since then | ADP DET NOUN | ADV |
| an uiridh, an uirigh | last year | PART NOUN | ADV |
Compound auxiliaries
| Phrase | words | gloss | UPOS for words | ExtPos |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| b’ ann, bann | bu an e | was (fronts an adjective, adverb or PP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
| b’ e | bu e | was (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| b’ i | bu i | was (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| chan ann | chan an e | isn’t (fronts an adjective, adverb or PP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
| chan e | chan e | isn’t (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| gur ann | gur an e | that it is (fronts an adjective, adverb or PP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
| gun e, gur e, gur h-e | gur e | that it is (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| ’s ann, ‘sann, sann, is ann | is an e | is (fronts an adjective, adverb or PP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
| ’s e, ‘se, se, is e | is e | is (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| ’s i, ‘si, si, is i | is i | is (fronts an NP) | AUX PRON | AUX |
| nach ann | nach an e | isn’t it (fronts an adjective, adverb or PP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
| nach e | nach e | isn’t it (fronts an NP) | AUX ADP PRON | AUX |
Compound coordinators
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for words | ExtPos |
|---|---|---|---|
| air neo | or | ADP CCONJ | CCONJ |
Compound determiners
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos |
|---|---|---|---|
| a h-uile, a chuile | every | DET NOUN | DET |
Compound particles
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos |
|---|---|---|---|
| na b’, na bu | comparative marker (past) | PART AUX | PART |
Compound prepositions
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| a dh’aindeoin, a dh’ainneoin | in spite of | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| ann am, ann an, ann a’ | in (indefinite) | ADP ADP | ADP | Also ann a: for a dysfluency. ann a’ is non-standard but shows up in the news subcorpus |
| anns a’, anns an, anns na | in (definite) | ADP ADP | ADP | |
| as aonais, ás aonais, às aonais | apart from | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| air beulaibh, air bheulaibh | in front of | ADP NOUN | ADP | Contains the old -(a)ibh dative ending |
| am broinn | within | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| bho chionn, o chionn | since | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| os cionn, fos cionn | above | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| mu choinneamh, mu choinneimh | opposite | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| mu chuairt, mun chuairt | around, about | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| an cois | at the foot of, accompanying | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| air cùlaibh | behind | ADP NOUN | ADP | Contains the old -(a)ibh dative ending |
| ‘n déidh, an deidh, an dèidh, an déidh | after | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| as deidh, as dèidh, as déidh | after | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| mu dheidhinn, ma dheidhinn, mu ‘n | about | ADP NOUN | ADP | ma is a variant of mu |
| air feadh | throughout | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| ri linn | on account of, at the time of | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| a lùib, an lùib | along with | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| am measg | among | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| a réir, a rèir | according to | ADP NOUN | ADP | originally do réir |
| gu ruige | up to | ADP NOUN | ADP | Dwelly says that the correct for is gu nuig |
| air sgath, air sgàth | because of | ADP NOUN | ADP | |
| air son | for | ADP NOUN | ADP | usually airson |
| an taca ri, an taca ris | compared to | ADP NOUN ADP | ADP | Validator also supports an tac because of a dysfluency |
| a thaobh | in regard to | ADP NOUN | ADP |
Compound pronouns
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| air mo bheulaibh | in front of me | ADP DET NOUN | PRON | and do, a… |
| có dhiubh | which of them | PRON ADP NOUN | PRON | |
| gu dé, gu dè | what | PRON PRON | PRON | reanalysis of ciod é. Dè is standard |
| dé mar, dè mar | how | PRON ADV | PRON | |
| cia mheud | how many | PRON NOUN | PRON | |
| car son | why | ADP NOUN | PRON | usually carson |
Compound subordinators
The usual pattern is (ADP|PART)? NOUN CCONJ but there are others.
| Phrase | gloss | UPOS for tokens | ExtPos | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gu bè gu dè, gu b’e dè | whichever, whatever | SCONJ AUX (PRON) PRON | SCONJ | bè is b’ e and should be analysed like that. | |
| bho ‘n | since | ADP PART | SCONJ | ||
| as bith dè, às bith dè | whichever, whatever | SCONJ NOUN PRON | SCONJ | ||
| gar bith dè | whichever, whatever | SCONJ NOUN PRON | SCONJ | Officially ge air bith dè | |
| ge brith dè | whichever, whatever | CCONJ NOUN PRON | SCONJ | Precedes dè or _cò | |
| a chionn is | because | PART NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| fad ‘s, fhad ‘s, fhad agus | as far as | NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| fiù ‘s | even if | NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| am feadh is | while | PART NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| ri linn ‘s | because | ADP NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| air sgàth ‘s | because | ADP NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ | ||
| a thoradh, a thoireadh | because | PART NOUN | SCONJ | ||
| an uair, ‘n uair | when | PART NOUN | SCONJ | ||
| aon uair ‘s | when | NUM NOUN CCONJ | SCONJ |
fixed in other languages: [bg] [bm] [cop] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [eu] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gsw] [hy] [id] [it] [ja] [ka] [ky] [pcm] [pt] [qpm] [ru] [sl] [sv] [tr] [u] [xcl]