PronType: pronominal type
A wide variety of pronouns, and particles and other parts-of-speech with pronominal characteristics can be identified in Old Irish.
Ana: anaphoric
The anaphoric pronoun, suide, in its various forms, is used in Old Irish to refer back to something which has already been mentioned.
Examples
- inne hi suidiu “the aforementioned things”
- acennbart són “the aforementioned headscarf”
Art: articles
Pronominal articles in Old Irish include all forms of the definite article, whether they form close compounds with preceding prepositions or not.
Examples
- in ferr “the man”
- dond ḟiur “to the man”
- ind ḟir “the men”
- donaib feraib “to the men”
Dem: demonstrative
Demonstrative particles, so and sin, are enclitics comparable to the demonstrative pronouns of other languages. These have substantival force when used alone, amal sin “like that”, or with the article, insin “that”. Following other parts of speech they serve to specify something in particular, _in lebor “the book” but in lebor so “this book”.
Examples
- do ndligud so “to this law”
- int í siu “this (thing)”
- a nainmm sin “that noun/name”
- inso “this/here”
- cose “to this”
- briathra grecdi se “these greek words”
Emp: emphatic
Old Irish has emphasising particles, however, as they inflect for person and number they meet the criteria to be considered pronouns in Universal Dependencies, and are POS-tagged as such. These enclitic particles are used to emphasise pronouns, verbal subjects and objects, and the pronominal elements of conjugated prepositions (prepositional pronouns).
Examples
- meisse “me”
- rosechestar som “which he has followed”
- duitso “to you”
- inna lucsom “in its place”
Ind: indefinite
Old Irish has a specific independent pronoun, nech/ní, “someone/something”, and several other independent pronominals.
Examples
- adcither nech “that a person is seen”
- cechtar in da leithe sin “each of these two parts”
- cosmail leiss cacha orr “alike to him whichever he may slay”
- etir in dobrethir sechissí “between any adverb”
Int: interrogative
Interrogative pronouns are used when asking questions.
Examples
- cindas ṁbias “how, then, will…?”
- Caní románda “is it not Roman?”
- im mascul fá femen “is it a masculine or feminine (noun)?”
- in mesorsa “will I judge?”
Prs: personal
Several types of personal pronoun are used in Old Irish, including independent pronouns, infixed pronouns, suffixed pronouns, and possessive pronouns. Conjugated prepositions (prepositional pronouns) also have a personal pronominal element.
Examples
- ce hé roscríb “who is it that has written”
- it é inna noi “these are the nine”
- immechomarcar duit “which is asked to you”
- in cummasc and som “the confusion in it”
- athitol “its title”
- uit mo chrob “ouch! my hand”
- fomchain lóid luin lúad “a blackbird’s lay sings me praise”
- dagníusa “I say it”
Rel: relative
The copula in Old Irish has relative forms and can inflect for person and number.
Examples
- asmmé moínur “that it is I alone”
- namba olcc amenma frimm “that his feeling may be not bad towards me”
Void: void pronoun
A semantically empty pronominal form, d, occurs within the verbal complex following the conjunctions cía “although” and má “if”, if no infixed pronoun already occurs there. It is infixed at the same place that a regular infixed pronoun would be expected, and is supported by the semantically empty conjunct particle no if necessary.
Examples
- cenodfil “though there is”
- manud chinni “if it determines”
- ciadodchommar foi “though we have gone under it”
PronType in other languages: [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [bor] [cs] [el] [en] [es] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [gun] [hu] [hy] [it] [ka] [kpv] [ky] [la] [myu] [pcm] [qpm] [sga] [sl] [sv] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urj] [uz] [xav] [xcl] [zh]