Mood: mood
| Values: | Ind | Imp | Sub | Pot |
Mood is a verbal feature that expresses modality and subclassifies finite verb forms.
Ind: indicative
The indicative can be considered the default mood. A verb in indicative merely states that something happens, has happened or will happen, without adding any attitude of the speaker.
The indicative is the only finite form distinguishing the Tense (see there for endigs overview). The indicative mood includes sets of simple finite forms for these tenses and aspects:
- present imperfective
- past imperfective
- past perfective (Analogically formed present perfective forms represent the subjunctive, as the punctual events cannot happan at the present point). The present imperfective forms with the auxiliary word بۀ bë form the future imperfective. In addition, the indicative forms of some verbs are used in many compound forms.
Examples
- (present imperfective): لیک لرلم lik lwalë́m “I am reading the letter”
- (past imperfective): کور ته راتلو kor ta râtlú “we were coming home”
- (past perfective) ما کتاب ونه لیکۀ mâ kitấb wë́likë “I did write the book”
Imp: imperative
The imperative mood is to used express orders or requests. Pashto verbs have imperative forms for the second person of both numbers, although the plural form is always identical with its indicative counterpart. The ending for the singular is ه a. The affirmative imperative distinguishes both aspects, while negative imperative is used only in imperfective aspect. The negative particle مه má is stressed and is is read together with the verb (although written separately). The imperative is built from the present imperfective or present perfective verb stem.
Examples
- (singluar, perfective, affirmative): لیک ولرله lik wë́lwala “read the letter”
- (plural, imperfective, negative): دا کتاب مه لیکئ dâ kitấb má likëy “do not write that book”
Sub: subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is used in various subordinate clauses to express irreality, condition, purpose, wish etc.
- orders and requests for the first and the third person (where imperative is used for the second person)
- wishes and judgements
- purpose in subordinate purpose sentences
It does not distinguish tense and aspect. Its forms are formally present perfective, which do not have any other use on their own, but are used to form future perfective indicative.
Examples
Pot: potential
The Pashto does not have a modal verb expressing possibility of an action, but uses the potential mood instead.
It is realized in two tenses: present and past. The potential mood can be formed in several ways: using the participle
or subjunctive of the content verb and indicative or participle of auxiliary verbs. None of these forms is tagged Mood=Pot.
The only case, where the tag Mood=Pot is used, is the word شوای šwây, a special form of the auxiliary verb شول šwël
(perfective counterpart of کېدل kedë́l “to become”), which can be used in the past potential instead of past finite forms
of the verb شول šwël.
Examples
Mood in other languages: [ab] [akk] [arr] [bej] [bg] [bm] [cs] [cy] [el] [eme] [en] [es] [ess] [et] [fi] [fr] [ga] [gd] [gn] [gub] [hbo] [hu] [hy] [it] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [mdf] [myv] [pcm] [ps] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ru] [say] [sl] [sv] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [ug] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl]