Voice: voice
| Values: | Cau | CauPass | CauPassRcp | CauRcp | Mid | Pass | PassRcp | Rcp |
Voice is a feature of verbs that helps map the traditional syntactic functions, such as subject and object, to semantic roles, such as agent and patient.
(This feature, as defined currently, cannot correctly handle voice features on Tatar verbs.) The above combinations (of camel-case voice values) are a temporary solution to indicate “multiple voice” features, but they are certainly not the best way to indicate these features. See #197 and #125 for the discussion.
Pass: passive voice
Passive voice demotes a subject to an oblique argument, and promotes an object to the subject position.
Examples
- ичек ачылды “the door was opened”
PassRcp: combination of passive and reciprocal voices
This language-specific value indicates that a verb with a reciprocal suffix is passivized.
Examples
- аңла-ш-ыл-ды “alright” (lit: (it was) mutually understood)
Rcp: reciprocal voice
A reciprocal verb describes an event in which two agents (or groups of agents) perform the same action upon each other.
The reciprocal is expressed by the suffix -ыш/еш however, the verb roots that can become reciprocal is limited.
Examples
- күрешербез “we will see each other”
Cau: causative voice
In causative constructions the subject is the entity “causing” the action. It generally translate to English as ‘cause/make/have/let/allow’ someone to perform action described by the main verb.
Examples
- аңлаттым “I explained (it)” (lit. “I made him/her/them understand it”)
- бәяне арттырдым “I raised the price” (lit. “I made the price increase”)
CauPass: passive causative voice
This language-specific value indicates that a verb has been first causativized, then passivized. The meaning is “the subject was caused (by somebody) to do the action.”
Examples
- шул мәсьәлә аңла-т-ыл-ды “The problem was explained”
CauRcp: causative reciprocal voice
This language-specific value indicates that a verb with a reciprocal suffix is causativized. The meaning is “the subject was caused (by somebody) to do the action.”
It describes an event in which two agents (or groups of agents) perform the same action upon each other and another entity causes the action.
Examples
- ул мине аңа белән тан-ыш-тыр-ды “He introduced him/her to me” (lit: “He made me get to know with him/her”)
CauPassRcp: causative reciprocal passive voice
This language-specific value indicates that a verb with a reciprocal suffix is passivized and causativized. The meaning is “the subject was caused (by somebody) to do the action.”
It describes an event in which two agents (or groups of agents) perform the same action upon each other and another entity causes the action.
Examples
- Укучылар эвакуация планы белән тан-ыш-тыр-ыл-ды “The students got familiarized with the evacuation plan” (lit: “The students were made to get to know with the evacuation plan”)
Mid: middle voice
This voice often has the same morpheme as the passive voice, but the middle voice does not reflect passivization. In the middle voice, the subject is both the actor and the undergoer.
Examples
- Вирустан ничек сакланырга? “How should we protect ourselves from the virus?”
Voice in other languages: [abq] [am] [arr] [bej] [bg] [bor] [ceb] [cs] [el] [eme] [en] [fi] [fr] [gn] [gub] [ha] [hu] [hy] [jaa] [ka] [ky] [myu] [pay] [qpm] [qtd] [quc] [ru] [sv] [tl] [tpn] [tr] [tt] [u] [uk] [urb] [urj] [xcl]